美國四分制和十分制

kuoakko

Fabric Inspection System.<br /> <br />Fabric inspection and QC is one of the major areas in textile and garment sector. To establish a workable system for inspecting and evaluating piece goods shipments is vital.&nbsp;&nbsp;No single accepted system for measuring the quality of fabrics, but some of the more commonly used systems are described in this section. <br /> <br />We recommend a minimum of 10% inspection of fabrics prior to spreading. Some are intending to inspect the goods while spreading. However this is unrealistic and the spreaders are not the QC. <br /> <br />1-Ten-Point System<br /> <br />In 1955, the Ten-Point System for piece goods evaluation was approved and adopted by the Textile Distributor's Institute and National Federation of Textiles.&nbsp;&nbsp;This system assigns penalty points to each defect, depending on its length.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Ten-Point System is somewhat complicated because points-per-length vary for warp and filling defects.&nbsp;&nbsp;Table blow shows a breakdown of the points:<br /> <br />Table 1 - Ten-Point System<br /> <br />Warp Defects&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Penalty&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Filling Defects&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Penalty<br />10-36 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10 points&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Full width&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 10 points<br />5-10 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;5 points&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5 inches - 1/2 the width of goods&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;5 points<br />1-5 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;3 points&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1-5 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 3 points<br />Up to 1 inch&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;1 point &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /> <br />Under the Ten-Point System, a piece is graded a &quot;first&quot; if the total penalty points do not exceed the total yardage of the piece.&nbsp;&nbsp;A piece is graded a &quot;second&quot; if the total penalty points exceed the total yardage of the piece. <br /> <br />2- Four-Point System<br /> <br />The Four-Point System has received the widest acceptance in both the textile and needle trades because it is the most lenient.&nbsp;&nbsp;It is simple and easy to understand.&nbsp;&nbsp;Since it is the most widely used?<br /> <br />2.1- Amount to Inspect - Inspect at least 10% of the total rolls in the shipment.<br /> <br />2.2- Selection of Rolls&nbsp; &nbsp;Select at least one roll of each color.&nbsp;&nbsp;If more than one roll per color must be inspected, then select the number of additional rolls in proportion to the total rolls per color received.<br /> <br />2-3 Defect Classification&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Four-Point System classifies defects as shown in Table 2:<br /> <br />Table 2 Four-Point System<br />Size of Defect &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Penalty<br />3 inches or less&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 point<br />Over 3, but not over 6 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2 points<br />Over 6, but not over 9 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3 points<br />Over 9 inches&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4 points <br /> <br />A maximum of four points is charged to one linear yard.<br /> <br />The length of the defect is used to determine the penalty point.&nbsp;&nbsp;Only major defects are considered.&nbsp;&nbsp;(A major defect is any defect that, if found in a finished garment, would classify that garment as a second.)&nbsp;&nbsp;No penalty points are recorded or assigned for minor defects.<br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />Major defects are classified as follows:<br /> <br />- Major woven fabric defects are slubs, hole, missing yarn, conspicuous yarn variation, end out, soiled yarn, wrong yarn.<br /> <br /> <br />- Major knitted fabric defects are mixed yarn, yarn variation, runner, needle line, barre, slub, hole, and press off.<br /> <br />- Major dye or printing defects are out of register, dye spots, machine stop, color out, color smear, or shading.<br /> <br />- Suppliers using the Four-Point System should obtain examples of major defects and minor defects, and make them available as visual aids for the Inspectors.<br /> <br />2.4- Acceptance Point - Count Most suppliers use 40 points per 100 yards as the acceptable defect rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;However, you should establish your acceptance point-count based on your product and its end use.<br /> <br />2.5- Acceptance Criteria - There are two methods of determining whether a shipment is acceptable.&nbsp;&nbsp;You must decide which method will fit your product.&nbsp;&nbsp;The methods available are as follows:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /> <br />One method of acceptance uses a projection of total defects based on the number of defects found during inspection of a sample.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here is an example using this method:<br /> <br />Total yardage received:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2,400 yards<br />Acceptance point-count:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40 per 100 yards<br />Total yards inspected:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 240 yards<br />Total penalty points found in the sample inspection: 148 points<br />148 / 240 X 100 = 61.7 points per 100 yards.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />(Allowance is 40 points per 100 yards.)<br />Action:&nbsp;&nbsp;Shipment would fail.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /> <br />A second method is acceptance of 10% bad rolls.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />Here is an example of the method:<br />Total yardage received:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2,400 yards<br />Acceptance point count:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40 per 100 yards<br />Total yards inspected:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7 (10 % rolls)<br />Number of rolls rejected: 2<br />2 / 7 = 29% rolls rejected.<br />Action:&nbsp;&nbsp;As 29% of rolls inspected&nbsp;&nbsp;were rejected, the shipment would be held for a decision.<br /> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br />You must decide whether to reject the entire shipment and return it to the piece goods source, or whether to 100% inspect the balance of the rolls.&nbsp;&nbsp;Management must make this decision; do not leave such decisions to the Inspector or Quality Control Supervisor.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you need production from the good rolls, it may be to your advantage to 100% inspect.<br /> <br />2.6- Inspection Procedure This procedure shows the steps necessary to ensure an effective piece goods quality control program:<br /> <br />* Determine the amount to inspect,<br /> <br />* Select the rolls to inspect,<br /> <br />* Put the rolls on the inspection machine or other viewing device,<br /> <br />Cut off a 6-inch piece across the width of the goods.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mark this piece so that the Inspector will know the right and left sides of the fabric.&nbsp;&nbsp;Use the strip to check for shading side-to-side and end-to-end by checking it at least once against the middle of the roll and once at the other end,<br /> <br />·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Inspect for visual defects at a speed slow enough to find the defects,<br /> <br />·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Check that the roll contains the yardage as stated by the piece goods source,<br />·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Check for skewed, biased, and bowed fabric.&nbsp;&nbsp;Predetermine the tolerance you will allow; this will depend on your product.<br /> <br />·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Example:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Width of Fabric&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Tolerance<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (In Inches)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (In Inches)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 45-50&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 50-60&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1 1/2<br /> <br />Weigh the roll of fabric to determine yield:&nbsp;&nbsp;Yards/Weight = Yield<br /> <br />Example:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />Weight of roll&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 35 pounds<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Yards in roll&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 59.5 yards<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 59.5 / 35&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 1.70 yield.<br /> <br />If major defects are not cut out of the fabric by the Inspector, mark them on the selvage (for example with colored threads).&nbsp;&nbsp;Should you later want to review the defects with the piece goods representative, the defects can be easily located on the inspection machine.&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, the defects can be easily noted by the Spreader so that they can be cut out.<br /> <br />Record the defects on a report form.&nbsp;&nbsp;(See the suggested Piece Goods Quality Control Inspection Report form on the following page.&nbsp;&nbsp;Please note that this is only a suggested report form.&nbsp;&nbsp;Since report forms can require a variety of detailed information, make sure that your report form contains all the information you need.&nbsp;&nbsp;The original version of our suggested form is enclosed at the back of this manual for duplication purposes.)<br /> <br />Do not require data on the form that you will not use.&nbsp;&nbsp;Recording data is a labor cost, so keep your form simple.<br /> <br />2.7- Possible Considerations for Rejection&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition to excessive defects, the following are common reasons for rejecting fabric rolls:<br /> <br />No roll with a length of less than 25 yards should be accepted as first quality.&nbsp;&nbsp;You may want to specify this on your purchase order.<br /> <br />No roll containing more than one splice should be accepted as first quality.<br /> <br />No roll containing a splice part less than XX* yards should be accepted as first quality.&nbsp;&nbsp;(You may not want to receive rolls with a splice near the beginning or end of the roll.)

yangfang1108

请问有中文版的吗？

kuoakko

１．做做Homework吧！<br />２．沒那麼深啦，意思懂就好了，也不必原版照抄，標準還是買家自己要下決心，４分制唯一不可以改的只有扣１分～４分的長度標準：３吋（含不足）～超過９吋；以及每碼最多就是扣４分，除了這兩點，你高興修改啥都行．<br />３．包括百碼有人４０分pass，有的買家就是只能接受２４分pass，也有人堅持要換算成百平方米，也沒有規定不可以．<br />４．重要的是３方要事先約定好，價格和質量絕對有關聯的．

剑客

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纺织一兵

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纺织一兵

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惶惶忽忽

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kuoakko

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