真丝绸的鉴别

活性红

　纺织品织物从品种上可分为天然纤维和化学纤维两类。丝、棉、麻、羊毛这四大家族属于天然纤维，粘胶人丝、锦纶丝、涤纶丝、维纶丝则属于用化学品合成的化学纤维。鉴别织品或服饰是用何种原料制成的方法，常用的主要有三种，即手感目测法、燃烧鉴别法和化学药品着色鉴别法。下面简单地介绍一下这几种鉴别织物的方法。<br />　　手感目测法：这是一种鉴别真假丝绸比较常用的方法。从纤维长度与整齐度上观察：蚕丝纤细而长；棉纤维较短；羊毛比棉纤维长且有卷曲；化学纤维长丝很长，短纤则短，整齐度较好。从手感及强度上分析：真丝手感适中；粘胶人丝、锦纶丝、涤纶丝与蚕丝相似；棉、麻手感很硬，羊毛则很软。用手拉断纤维时分析：蚕丝、麻、棉、合成丝韧性很强；毛、粘胶人丝、醋酯人丝较弱。从伸长度上分析：蚕丝适中；粘胶人丝、大部分合成丝也适中；棉、麻伸度较小；毛、醋酯人丝较大。从重量上分析：蚕丝适中；棉、麻、粘胶丝较重；锦纶丝、腈纶丝、丙纶丝较轻；毛、涤纶丝、维纶丝、醋酯丝与蚕丝重量相近。从外观上分析：蚕丝纤维具有特殊光泽，色泽明亮而不刺眼；化学纤维则不具备这一特点。<br />　　燃烧鉴别法：用火燃烧纤维，视其燃烧时发生的变化来判定纤维的种类。这种鉴别方法较粗，只能粗略地区分出纺织纤维的大类。具体如下：<br />纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰时现象&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在焰中&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 离焰以后&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 嗅觉&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 灰烬形状<br />蚕丝 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔离火焰 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃时有丝丝声 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 难续熔，会自熄且燃时飞溅 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 烧毛羽味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 易碎，脆，蓬松，黑色 <br />棉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃较快，有余辉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 极少，柔软，黑或灰色 <br />毛 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔离火焰 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔并燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 难续燃，会自熄 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 烧毛羽味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 易碎，脆，蓬松，黑色 <br />麻 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃时有爆裂声 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃冒烟，有余辉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃纸味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 柔软，灰色 <br />锦纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即熔缩 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔燃、滴落，并起泡 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 不直接续燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 似芹菜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬、圆、轻，棕到灰色，珠状 <br />涤纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 同上 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 同上 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 能续燃，少数有烟 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 极弱的甜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬圆，黑或淡褐色 <br />维纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔融收缩 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 似花状甜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬圆，棕或黑色珠状 <br />　　化学药品着色鉴别法：利用某种化学药品对纤维的着色性能，可以迅速鉴别出纤维的品种。这种方法只适用于未染色的散纤维或纯纺纱线织物，它主要用锡莱着色剂A与碘、碘化钾液的着色反应来加以鉴别。具体如下：<br />纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 锡莱着色剂A的着色反应&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 碘、碘化钾液的着色反应<br />蚕丝棉羊毛麻涤纶锦纶维纶粘胶纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 褐蓝鲜黄紫蓝（亚麻）微红淡黄褐紫红&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 淡黄不染色淡黄不染色不染色黑褐淡黄黑蓝青