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标题: 真丝绸的鉴别 [打印本页]

作者: 活性红    时间: 2005-9-15 11:25
标题: 真丝绸的鉴别
 纺织品织物从品种上可分为天然纤维和化学纤维两类。丝、棉、麻、羊毛这四大家族属于天然纤维,粘胶人丝、锦纶丝、涤纶丝、维纶丝则属于用化学品合成的化学纤维。鉴别织品或服饰是用何种原料制成的方法,常用的主要有三种,即手感目测法、燃烧鉴别法和化学药品着色鉴别法。下面简单地介绍一下这几种鉴别织物的方法。<br />  手感目测法:这是一种鉴别真假丝绸比较常用的方法。从纤维长度与整齐度上观察:蚕丝纤细而长;棉纤维较短;羊毛比棉纤维长且有卷曲;化学纤维长丝很长,短纤则短,整齐度较好。从手感及强度上分析:真丝手感适中;粘胶人丝、锦纶丝、涤纶丝与蚕丝相似;棉、麻手感很硬,羊毛则很软。用手拉断纤维时分析:蚕丝、麻、棉、合成丝韧性很强;毛、粘胶人丝、醋酯人丝较弱。从伸长度上分析:蚕丝适中;粘胶人丝、大部分合成丝也适中;棉、麻伸度较小;毛、醋酯人丝较大。从重量上分析:蚕丝适中;棉、麻、粘胶丝较重;锦纶丝、腈纶丝、丙纶丝较轻;毛、涤纶丝、维纶丝、醋酯丝与蚕丝重量相近。从外观上分析:蚕丝纤维具有特殊光泽,色泽明亮而不刺眼;化学纤维则不具备这一特点。<br />  燃烧鉴别法:用火燃烧纤维,视其燃烧时发生的变化来判定纤维的种类。这种鉴别方法较粗,只能粗略地区分出纺织纤维的大类。具体如下:<br />纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰时现象&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在焰中&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 离焰以后&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 嗅觉&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 灰烬形状<br />蚕丝 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔离火焰 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃时有丝丝声 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 难续熔,会自熄且燃时飞溅 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 烧毛羽味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 易碎,脆,蓬松,黑色 <br />棉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃较快,有余辉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 极少,柔软,黑或灰色 <br />毛 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔离火焰 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔并燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 难续燃,会自熄 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 烧毛羽味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 易碎,脆,蓬松,黑色 <br />麻 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃时有爆裂声 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃冒烟,有余辉 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃纸味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 柔软,灰色 <br />锦纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 近焰即熔缩 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔燃、滴落,并起泡 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 不直接续燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 似芹菜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬、圆、轻,棕到灰色,珠状 <br />涤纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 同上 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 同上 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 能续燃,少数有烟 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 极弱的甜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬圆,黑或淡褐色 <br />维纶 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 熔融收缩 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 燃烧 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 续燃 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 似花状甜味 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 硬圆,棕或黑色珠状 <br />  化学药品着色鉴别法:利用某种化学药品对纤维的着色性能,可以迅速鉴别出纤维的品种。这种方法只适用于未染色的散纤维或纯纺纱线织物,它主要用锡莱着色剂A与碘、碘化钾液的着色反应来加以鉴别。具体如下:<br />纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 锡莱着色剂A的着色反应&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 碘、碘化钾液的着色反应<br />蚕丝棉羊毛麻涤纶锦纶维纶粘胶纤维&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 褐蓝鲜黄紫蓝(亚麻)微红淡黄褐紫红&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 淡黄不染色淡黄不染色不染色黑褐淡黄黑蓝青




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